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Geography Notes  Chapter 1 - Environment Environment and Its Components Definition of Environment: Environment refers to the surroundings in which living organisms exist, including natural and human-made elements. It consists of both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact with each other. Environment is our basic life support system. It provides the air we breath, the water we drink, the food we eat and the land where we live. Environment: French word Environer/ Environner meaning "neighbourhood”. Types of Environment: 1. Natural Environment – Includes all naturally occurring elements like land, water, air, plants, and animals. 2. Human Environment – Consists of human activities, creations, and interactions that shape surroundings. • Biotic : The world of living organisms. e.g. plants and animals.  • Abiotic: The world of non-living elements. e.g. Land.  Natural Environment and Its Components 1. Lithosphere (Land Domain) The Lithosphere is the s...

 Social Science - Geography (Contemporary India) Chapter 1 - India Size and Location India is one of the world's oldest civilizations. It has progressed politically, geographically, socially, and economically over the last few decades. India has also played a significant role in shaping world history. Location of India ● It is a vast country located in the northern hemisphere, with latitudes ranging from °4'N to 37°6'N and longitudes ranging from 68°7'E to 97°25'E. ● The Tropic of Cancer, 23° 30'N roughly divides the country into two halves. ● The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are in the Bay of Bengal to the southeast of the mainland, and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the Arabian Sea to the southwest. Size of India ● India's landmass covers 3.28 million sq. km, accounting for approximately 2.4% of the world's total geographical area. ● In terms of landmass, India is regarded as the world's seventh-largest country. ● India has an area of about 15,200 s...

 Class 7 History Chapter 1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years   Introduction The period between 700-1750 AD witnessed significant transformations in society, culture, and politics in India. These changes influenced how people lived, interacted, and documented their history. Two Maps and Their Significance Map by Al-Idrisi (12th Century) Background: Al-Idrisi was a renowned Arab cartographer who worked for King Roger II of Sicily. His map of the world, created in 1154 CE, is known as the "Tabula Rogeriana." Features: South-oriented: South is at the top of the map, unlike modern maps. Depicts the Indian subcontinent as a significant hub for global trade. Emphasizes trade routes, rivers, and coastal regions. Significance: Reflects the interconnectedness of the world during the Islamic Golden Age. Highlights India’s importance in medieval trade and culture. Map by Guillaume De L'Isle (18th Century) Background: Guillaume Delisle was a French cartographer known for his sc...

An Excellent Father (Jane Austen)   Jane Austen (1775–1817) was born in Steventon, Hampshire, where she spent the first 26 years of her life. She was the seventh of eight children in a close-knit family that greatly influenced her literary development. Writing primarily for her own pleasure and with little expectation of publication, Austen demonstrated a profound belief in artistic discipline, famously asserting that "an artist cannot do anything slovenly." Her major works, including Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Mansfield Park, Emma, and Northanger Abbey, showcase her unparalleled ability to portray the complexities of human relationships and societal norms. Austen's novels remain celebrated for their incisive social commentary, vivid characterisations, and the use of everyday language that makes her work timeless and universally relatable. An Excellent Father Summary: This extract from Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice sets the stage for the intricate...

  Prayers (G.A. Mehjoor)  Born 11 Aug 1887 Mitrigam                             Died 9 Apr 1952                                                 Mitrigam          About the Author Ghulam Ahmad Mehjoor, affectionately known as the Shair-e-Kashmir (Poet of Kashmir), was born on August 1, 1887, in Mitrigam, Pulwama. A visionary figure in Kashmiri literature, Mehjoor is hailed as the herald of didactic poetry in the Kashmiri language. He was the first poet to introduce themes that resonated deeply with the everyday lives of the people of his time, distinguishing his work from the traditional poetry that preceded him. Yet, his lyrical beauty remains as captivating as that of the celebrated poetess, Habba Khatoon. Mehjoor's poetry stands as a testament to the strength...

Footprints without Feet ( H. G. WELLS)  Author Introduction I ntroduction to H.G. Wells ( September 21, 1866 - August 13, 1946)  Herbert George Wells, widely known as H.G. Wells, was born on 21st September 1866 at Atlas House, 162 High Street, Bromley, Kent, England. He was the fourth and youngest child of Joseph Wells and Sarah Neal, who affectionately called him "Bertie". Wells is celebrated as one of the pioneers of science fiction literature, often referred to as the "Father of Science Fiction." His literary career spans across novels, short stories, social commentary, satire, biographies, and autobiographies. Through his sharp imagination and keen observations, Wells not only created groundbreaking science fiction stories but also offered insightful critiques of society, politics, and human behavior. Some of his most notable works include: The Time Machine (1895) The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) The Invisible Man (1897) The War of the Worlds (1898) The War in...