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Division of Dates in History (BCE & CE) 1. Meaning of Division of Dates The division of dates in history refers to the method used by historians to organise, record, and interpret past events by dividing time into clearly defined eras. Since human history stretches across thousands and even millions of years, a systematic dating system is essential. This division helps historians and learners to: Understand the chronological order of events Compare historical developments across different regions and civilizations Study history in a systematic, scientific, and organised manner Avoid confusion while referring to ancient and modern periods 2. Main System of Historical Dating The most widely accepted system of historical dating across the world is based on the birth of Jesus Christ. This system divides time into two major eras: BCE (Before Common Era) or Before Christ CE (Common Era) or Anno Dommini This system is internationally recognised and used in textbooks, research, archaeolog...

FEDERALISM  CLASS 11    Political map of India 1947 Political map of India 2017 INTRODUCTION · Look at the political maps of India 1947 and 2017. · They have changed dramatically over the years. Boundaries of States have changed, names of States have changed, and the number of States has changed. · When India became independent, we had a number of provinces that the British government had organised only for administrative convenience. · Then a number of princely states merged with the newly independent Indian union. These were joined to the existing provinces. · Since then boundaries of States have been reorganised many times. · During this entire period, not only did boundaries of States change, but in some cases, even their names changed according to the wishes of the people of those States. Thus, Mysore changed to Karnataka and Madras became Tamil Nadu. The maps show these large scale changes that have taken place in the span of over seventy years. In a way, these maps...

  A Photograph                                                         Shirley Toulson The cardboard shows me how it was When the two girl cousins went paddling, Each one holding one of my mother’s hands, And she the big girl — some twelve years or so. All three stood still to smile through their hair At the uncle with the camera. A sweet face, My mother’s, that was before I was born. And the sea, which appears to have changed less, Washed their terribly transient feet. Some twenty — thirty — years later She’d laugh at the snapshot. “See Betty And Dolly,” she’d say, “and look how they Dressed us for the beach.” The sea holiday Was her past, mine is her laughter. Both wry With the laboured ease of loss. Now she’s been dead nearly as many years As that girl lived. And of this circumstance There is nothing to say at all. Its silence silences. Abou...